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Canada Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act (GGPPA)

Canada Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act (GGPPA): Canada’s federal carbon pricing law sets the legal framework for pricing greenhouse gas emissions

Maílis Carrilho
Written by Maílis Carrilho
Updated on December 15th, 2025

Summary

The GGPPA is Canada’s federal carbon pricing backbone. It remains legally in force, has been upheld by the Supreme Court, and continues to anchor industrial carbon pricing, even as the federal fuel charge was set to $0 starting April 1, 2025.

Details

Jurisdictions
  • Canada
Exemptions

Mandatory compliance with applicable obligations under the Act and its regulations (fuel charge and/or OBPS, depending on jurisdictional application and designation).

Criteria:

From April 1, 2025, the federal government set the fuel charge rates to $0 and removed federal requirements for provinces/territories to maintain a consumer-facing carbon price, while industrial carbon pricing continues.

Exceptions:

The Act functions as a backstop with application dependent on whether a province/territory has an equivalent system that meets federal standards, and which elements (fuel charge vs OBPS) apply in that jurisdiction.

Operational exceptions and detailed scope are largely defined through regulations under the Act (including OBPS Regulations and Fuel Charge Regulations).

Deep dive

2 min read
Published Dec 15, 2025

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What’s Required

Covered entities must comply with the federal carbon pricing framework, which includes:

  • Fuel charge obligations (registration, returns, remittances, recordkeeping) for persons in scope under the fuel charge regime.

  • Industrial pricing obligations through the Output-Based Pricing System (OBPS) architecture for designated/covered industrial facilities (implemented via regulations under the Act).

  • Cooperation with enforcement powers, potential compliance orders, investigations, and record production requirements under the Act’s administration and enforcement provisions.

Important Deadlines

  • April 1, 2025: Federal fuel charge rate set to $0 and consumer carbon price backstop changed; industrial carbon pricing via Output-Based Pricing System continues.

  • Ongoing: Annual reporting & compliance cycles for industrial emitters under OBPS per regulatory schedules.

Current Status

  • In force and current (consolidated federal statute).

  • The Supreme Court of Canada upheld the constitutionality of the GGPPA in 2021 (References re GGPPA).

  • As of April 1, 2025, the fuel charge is effectively set to $0, while the OBPS remains in effect.

Penalties for Non-Compliance

The Act includes offences and punishments that can involve significant fines and, for certain offences, imprisonment, with fine ranges varying by offence type and whether the offender is an individual, organisation, or small revenue organisation.

Examples of Known Violations

  • A fuel distributor previously required to register and remit fuel charges must still follow any relevant administrative requirements, but the applicable fuel charge rate is $0 from April 1, 2025.

  • A large industrial facility covered under the federal system may remain subject to industrial carbon pricing requirements (via OBPS implementation), even after the consumer-facing fuel charge rate was set to $0.

Resources


Maílis Carrilho
Added by:
Maílis Carrilho
Sustainability Research Analyst
Maílis Carrilho is a Sustainability Research Analyst (Intern) at Net Zero Compare, contributing research and analysis on climate tech, carbon policies, and sustainable solutions. She supports the team in developing fact-based content and insights to help companies and readers navigate the evolving sustainability landscape.
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Added on Dec 15, 2025 by Maílis Carrilho ·