Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation is the use of plants, and the microbes associated with their roots, to reduce, remove, stabilise or break down pollutants in soil, water or sediment. Certain plants can absorb contaminants through their roots and store them in stems, leaves or flowers, while others help immobilise pollutants in the soil or stimulate microbial activity that degrades harmful substances. It can be used for metals, hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides and some persistent chemicals, depending on the plant species and site conditions. Phytoremediation is generally lower-cost and less disruptive than excavation or chemical treatment, but it is often slower and requires careful monitoring, harvesting and disposal of contaminated plant material.