Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA)

PFNA is a nine-carbon perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid and a long-chain member of the PFAS family. It has been associated with fluoropolymer manufacturing and other industrial processes and can also occur through degradation of precursor substances. PFNA is highly persistent and has a greater tendency to bioaccumulate than many shorter-chain PFAS. It has been detected in humans, wildlife, water and environmental media far from direct sources of contamination. Concerns about persistence, exposure and potential health effects have led authorities to include PFNA in regulatory and toxicological assessments. The US EPA, for example, includes PFNA among PFAS considered in health-risk assessment frameworks.