Bioleaching

Bioleaching is a metal extraction process that uses microorganisms to help dissolve metals from ores, concentrates or mining residues into a liquid solution. The microorganisms typically oxidize iron or sulfur compounds, creating chemical conditions that release metals such as copper for subsequent recovery. Bioleaching can take place in heaps of crushed ore or controlled tanks. It can make some low-grade materials economically recoverable and may require less energy than high-temperature processing. However, extraction can be slow, and performance depends on mineral composition, temperature, acidity and oxygen availability. Environmental management remains essential because the process can involve acidic solutions and dissolved metals.